PROFESSOR CHRISTIANA PAYNE
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Trees IN 19th-century British AND AMERICAN art

The role of trees in landscape painting, c. 1760-1870

AMERICAN ARTists REALLY LOVED TREES!

12/2/2020

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I thought British artists like John Constable and Samuel Palmer were great tree lovers, but the Americans were even more enthusiastic. Thomas Cole (1801-1848) wrote a long poem, 'The Complaint of the Forest'  in which the American forest trees speak out against the deforestation that was accompanying new settlements, railroads and industrialisation in his lifetime. The trees address the artist like this:

Mortal, whose love for our umbrageous realms
Exceeds the love of all the race of men; 
Whom we have loved; and for whom have spread
With welcome our innumerable arms


In other words, Cole claims that he has loved trees more than anyone else, and the trees have loved him back!

His friend Asher Brown Durand (1796-1886) was another tree lover - the collections of the New-York Historical Society included hundreds of drawings and paintings of trees by him. They have an excellent website with high quality images, easy to search. I'm particularly intrigued by the large and very beautiful tree drawings he made in the early 1860s, and which he never exhibited or sold. 

A friend of Durand, quoted by John Durand in his biography of his father, has the artist express his motives like this:

What a relief it was to be able to stand for an hour before some fine tree, in direct sympathy with it! I had done so when a boy, on long summer days, and now, when a man, I had a higher appreciation of it than ever, and enjoyed it all the more - the great happiness of standing face to face with nature!

​Illustration: Asher Brown Durand, Early Morning at Cold Spring (1850). Montclair Art Museum.
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    From c. 2010-2017, I was engaged in research for a book on trees in British art, asking questions, such as: how does the interest in trees develop, how do ideas change over the 18th and 19th centuries? I looked at drawing manuals, illustrated books on trees, oil paintings, watercolours and prints, landscape gardening, poetry, artists' writings. The artists I found most important and/or interesting included the following: Paul Sandby, Thomas Hearne, John Constable, Samuel Palmer, James Ward, John Martin, Edward Lear, Francis Danby, Jacob George Strutt and Henry William Burgess.

    The book has now been published by Sansom and Company and its title is "Silent Witnesses: Trees in British Art, 1760-1870".

    My next research project is taking a look across the Atlantic and at the role of trees in American painting of c. 1800-1870. I'm getting to know new trees - hemlocks, red oaks, white pines - and new artists - Thomas Cole, Asher Brown Durand, Frederic Church, Worthington Whittredge, William Trost Richards. 

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